Electronic waste/Introduction - Revision history

Juspar at 12:49, 23 November 2011

2011-11-23T12:49:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:49, 23 November 2011
Line 17:		Line 17:
	***		***

	This living book consists of three sections. The first, titled ‘Material’, engages with some of the processes and materials from which technical media is produced. This offers a new look at media materialism in a way that is slightly less McLuhanian (‘the medium is the message’) but that insists that the material is the message – or, as Fumikazu Yoshida has it: ‘the relationship between high-technology and environmental problems focuses on high-technology like microelectronics and new material, while biotechnology develops on the basis of new sorts of substances: this is contrary to the saying, ‘the message is more important than the material.’ These substances , even if they have little value in themselves, have long-term and combined effects on human health which are not yet sufficiently clear’ (1994: 105). <br><br> The second section, ‘Energetics’, focuses on energy consumption and includes various perspectives on hand-held mobile devices, data-grids and server economies. The key question is how such new forms of digital economy and energy use (on an abstract informatic level, computers are zero-entropy machines) relate to the old regimes of energy production, and, for instance, CO2 emissions. <br><br> Third, we focus on ‘Waste’ management – a growing part of literature on the materiality of electronic media and information technology cultures. It relates to the global distribution of electronic waste devices as well as the capitalist tendency to be able to recycle such uselessness (shit’) into economic value (Laporte, 2000). In spite of the increasing amount of international regulation since the 1990s, e-waste is still being exported to developing countries (to India and Pakistan, but still also to China). The process follows international labour trends: work in those countries is cheap. Or, as Pinto bluntly states, ‘The dumping of e-waste, particularly computer waste, into India from developed countries (‘green passport’ according to Gutierrez), because the latter find it convenient and economical to export waste, has further complicated the problems with waste management’ (2008). As work is becoming more expensive in China due to rising labour costs and wages, new countries will become the final address for the things which developed countries do not want any more. <br><br> The last section of the book is titled ‘Ecosophy’, following Félix Guattari’s (2000) concept. Ecosophy refers to the creative moment across the three ecological layers he identified as nature, the social and the human subjective ecology. As such, it refers to the creation of new practices and relations within and across ecologies, recognizing that the standard ‘environmental ecology’ perspective is in itself insufficient to tackle the links between capitalist modes of production and specific forms of living attached to that economy. This is why this particular section addresses some ethico-aesthetic perspectives that tap into ‘ecology’ and media in a different vein: it includes texts and links to projects talk about artistic, social science and media theoretical ways to rethink relations between materials, the environment and technologies. <br><br> The texts selected for this collection are principally of three kinds: academic peer-reviewed scientific articles; NGO produced reports concerning e-waste and its global contexts; and social science and media theory interventions into the energetics and nature of contemporary media ecology – including ethical and artistic perspectives. In addition, Appendix 1 includes Jennifer Gabrys’ (2011) book, ''Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics'', which offers an excellent reading of the complex links between media, waste, labour and temporality – something this living book attempts to convey as well. One option is to start reading it from the Appendix. Whether from the beginning, from the end or from the middle, I hope you enjoy digging into trash and waste. All things new have to have a bit of dirt in them anyway.<br><br><br> '''Acknowledgements '''<br><br> A warm thank you to Joanna Zylinska, Gary Hall and Clare Birchall for inviting me to be part of the project. I would not have been able to plant this little living thing without the help of my research assistant, Matthias Wannhoff (Humboldt University). In terms of the idea, I want to thank Sean Cubitt and Garnet Hertz for constant inspiration regarding the waste-materiality of electronic media culture. Further thanks to Winchester School of Art (University of Southampton) and Humboldt University Berlin for providing me with time and space to carry out the work. More thanks are owed to a lot of people, including Robert Jackson (for reminding me of Laporte’s waste(d)-research), Ned Rossiter for tips, and the audiences both at Utrecht University and Humboldt University, where I delivered talks on Medianature(s) during the spring and summer of 2011.<br><br><br>'''Notes'''<br><br><sup>1</sup> See also the video of Cubitt’s talk at Anglia Ruskin University ‘Trust, Identity, Privacy and Security in Digital Culture, September 10, 2009, http://barney.inspire.anglia.ac.uk/inspire_j/ds1.html.<br><br> <sup>2</sup> Sean Cubitt interviewed by Simon Mills, Framed, online at http://www.framejournal.net/interview/10/sean-cubitt.<br><br> <sup>3</sup> However, a recent report by Koomey (2011) has shown that the growth in the energy consumption of data centres is actually smaller than predicted.<br><br><br> '''References '''<br><br>Bennett, J. (2010) V''ibrant Matter. A Political Ecology of Things''. Durham: Duke University Press. <br><br> Ciocoiu, N., Burcea, S. & Târtiu, V. (2010) ‘Environmental Impact of ICT and Implications for E-Waste Management in Romania’, ''Economia''. Seria Management 13, no. 2/2: 348-360. <br><br> Clapp, R. W. (2006) ‘Mortality among US employees of a large computer manufacturing company: 1969-2001’, ''Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source'' 2006 5: 30, http://www.ehjournal.net/content/5/1/30. <br><br> Cubitt, S. (2005) ''Ecomedia''. Amsterdam: Rodopi. <br><br> Cubitt, S. (2009) ‘Ubiquitous Media, Rare Earths - The environmental footprint of digital media and what to do about it’, Unpublished talk at the Pervasive Media Lab, University of the West of England, 22 September 2009. <br><br> Cubitt, S., Hassan, R. & Volkmer, I. (2011) ‘Does Cloud Computing Have a Silver Lining?’, ''Media, Culture & Society'' 33 (1): 149-158. <br><br> Cuvelier, J. & Raeymaekers, T. (2002) ‘Supporting the War Economy in the DRC: European Companies and the coltan trade’ An IPIS report, January 2002. See www.ipisresearch.be/download.php?id=197. <br><br> Fuchs, C. (2008) ‘The implications of new information and communication technologies for sustainability’, ''Environment, Development and Sustainability'' 10: 291-309. <br><br>Fuller, M. (2005) ''Media Ecologies: Materialist Energies in Art and Technoculture''. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. <br><br>Gabrys, J. (2011) ''Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics.'' Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. <br><br> Guattari, F. (2000) ''The Three Ecologies''. Trans. I. Pindar & P. Sutton. London and New Brunswick, NJ: The Athlone Press. <br><br> Hertz, G. & Parikka, J. (2012) ‘Zombie Media: Circuit Bending Media Archaeology into an Art Method’, forthcoming in ''Leonardo''. <br><br> Kittler, F. (1997) ‘Protected Mode’ in F. Kittler, ''Literature, Media, Information Systems: Essays'' (ed.), J. Johnston. Amsterdam: G+B Arts International. <br><br> Koomey, J. G. (2011) ‘Growth in Data Center Electricity Use 2005 to 2010’, Oakland, CA: Analytics Press, July. http://www.analyticspress.com/datacenters.html. <br><br> Lang, W. & Patel, J. M. (2009) ‘Towards Eco-friendly Database Management Systems’, ''4th Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research (CIDR)'' January 4-7, Asilomar, California, USA. <br><br> Laporte, D. (2000) ''History of Shit''. Trans. N. Benabid & R. el-Khoury. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. <br><br> Martin, T. C. (1894) ''The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla''. New York: The Electrical Engineer/D. van Nostrand Company.. <br><br> Nnorom, I. C., Osibanjo, O., & Ogwuegbu, M. O. C. (2011) ‘Global Disposal Strategies for Waste Cathode Ray Tubes’, ''Resources, Conservation and Recycling'' 55, no. 3 (January): 275-290. Online at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344910002235#sec0015 <br><br> Pasquinelli, M. (2011) ‘Four Regimes of Entropy. For an Ecology of Genetics and Biomorphic Media Theory’ ''Fibreculture'' 17 (April), http://seventeen.fibreculturejournal.org/. <br><br> Pinto, V. N. (2008) ‘E-waste Hazard: The Impending Challenge’, ''Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine'', August 12 (2): 65-70. <br><br> Plummer, D. C. et al. (2008) ‘Gartner's Top Predictions for IT Organizations and Users, 2008 and Beyond: Going Green and Self-Healing’ ''Gartner Research'', 8 January. <br><br> Romm, J, with A. Rosenfeld & S. Herrmann (1999) ''The Internet Economy and Global Warming A Scenario of the Impact of E-commerce on Energy and the Environment. The Center for Energy and Climate Solutions, Version 1.0''. Online at: http://www.p2pays.org/ref/04/03784/0378401.pdf <br><br> Schmidt, C. W. (2002) ‘E-Junk Explosion’, ''Environmental Health Perspectives'' 110, no. 4: 188-194. <br><br> Schmidt, C. W. (2006) ‘Unfair Trade. E-Waste in Africa’, ''Environmental Health Perspectives'' 114, no. 4: 233-235. <br><br> Serres, M. (2011) ''Malfeasance. Appropriation through Pollution?''. Trans. A.-M. Feenberg-Dibon. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <br><br> Silven, O. & Jyrkkä, K. (2007) ‘Observations on Power-Efficiency Trends in Mobile Communication Devices’ , ''EURASIP Journal on Embedded Systems'': 1-10. <br><br> Yeomans, J. S. & Günalay, Y. (2009) ‘Unsustainable Paradoxes Inherent in the International Legislation of Electronic Waste Disposal’, ''Open Environmental Sciences'' 3: 14-19. <br><br> Yu, Z. (2010) ‘Towards High-Performance and Energy-Efficient Multi-core Processors’, in K. Iniewski (ed.), C''MOS Processors and Memories''. Dordrecht et al.: Springer. <br><br> Žižek, S. (2009) ''First as Tragedy, Then as Farce''. London: Verso.		This living book consists of three sections. The first, titled ‘Material’, engages with some of the processes and materials from which technical media is produced. This offers a new look at media materialism in a way that is slightly less McLuhanian (‘the medium is the message’) but that insists that the material is the message – or, as Fumikazu Yoshida has it: ‘the relationship between high-technology and environmental problems focuses on high-technology like microelectronics and new material, while biotechnology develops on the basis of new sorts of substances: this is contrary to the saying, ‘the message is more important than the material.’ These substances , even if they have little value in themselves, have long-term and combined effects on human health which are not yet sufficiently clear’ (1994: 105). <br><br> The second section, ‘Energetics’, focuses on energy consumption and includes various perspectives on hand-held mobile devices, data-grids and server economies. The key question is how such new forms of digital economy and energy use (on an abstract informatic level, computers are zero-entropy machines) relate to the old regimes of energy production, and, for instance, CO2 emissions. <br><br> Third, we focus on ‘Waste’ management – a growing part of literature on the materiality of electronic media and information technology cultures. It relates to the global distribution of electronic waste devices as well as the capitalist tendency to be able to recycle such uselessness (shit’) into economic value (Laporte, 2000). In spite of the increasing amount of international regulation since the 1990s, e-waste is still being exported to developing countries (to India and Pakistan, but still also to China). The process follows international labour trends: work in those countries is cheap. Or, as Pinto bluntly states, ‘The dumping of e-waste, particularly computer waste, into India from developed countries (‘green passport’ according to Gutierrez), because the latter find it convenient and economical to export waste, has further complicated the problems with waste management’ (2008). As work is becoming more expensive in China due to rising labour costs and wages, new countries will become the final address for the things which developed countries do not want any more. <br><br> The last section of the book is titled ‘Ecosophy’, following Félix Guattari’s (2000) concept. Ecosophy refers to the creative moment across the three ecological layers he identified as nature, the social and the human subjective ecology. As such, it refers to the creation of new practices and relations within and across ecologies, recognizing that the standard ‘environmental ecology’ perspective is in itself insufficient to tackle the links between capitalist modes of production and specific forms of living attached to that economy. This is why this particular section addresses some ethico-aesthetic perspectives that tap into ‘ecology’ and media in a different vein: it includes texts and links to projects talk about artistic, social science and media theoretical ways to rethink relations between materials, the environment and technologies. <br><br> The texts selected for this collection are principally of three kinds: academic peer-reviewed scientific articles; NGO produced reports concerning e-waste and its global contexts; and social science and media theory interventions into the energetics and nature of contemporary media ecology – including ethical and artistic perspectives. In addition, Appendix 1 includes Jennifer Gabrys’ (2011) book, ''Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics'', which offers an excellent reading of the complex links between media, waste, labour and temporality – something this living book attempts to convey as well. One option is to start reading it from the Appendix. Whether from the beginning, from the end or from the middle, I hope you enjoy digging into trash and waste. All things new have to have a bit of dirt in them anyway.<br><br><br> '''Acknowledgements '''<br><br> A warm thank you to Joanna Zylinska, Gary Hall and Clare Birchall for inviting me to be part of the project. I would not have been able to plant this little living thing without the help of my research assistant, Matthias Wannhoff (Humboldt University). In terms of the idea, I want to thank Sean Cubitt and Garnet Hertz for constant inspiration regarding the waste-materiality of electronic media culture. Further thanks to Winchester School of Art (University of Southampton) and Humboldt University Berlin for providing me with time and space to carry out the work. More thanks are owed to a lot of people, including Robert Jackson (for reminding me of Laporte’s waste(d)-research), Ned Rossiter for tips, and the audiences both at Utrecht University and Humboldt University, where I delivered talks on Medianature(s) during the spring and summer of 2011.<br><br><br>'''Notes'''<br><br><sup>1</sup> See also the video of Cubitt’s talk at Anglia Ruskin University ‘Trust, Identity, Privacy and Security in Digital Culture, September 10, 2009, http://barney.inspire.anglia.ac.uk/inspire_j/ds1.html.<br><br> <sup>2</sup> Sean Cubitt interviewed by Simon Mills, Framed, online at http://www.framejournal.net/interview/10/sean-cubitt.<br><br> <sup>3</sup> However, a recent report by Koomey (2011) has shown that the growth in the energy consumption of data centres is actually smaller than predicted.<br><br><br> '''References '''<br><br>Bennett, J. (2010) V''ibrant Matter. A Political Ecology of Things''. Durham: Duke University Press. <br><br> Ciocoiu, N., Burcea, S. & Târtiu, V. (2010) ‘Environmental Impact of ICT and Implications for E-Waste Management in Romania’, ''Economia''. Seria Management 13, no. 2/2: 348-360. <br><br> Clapp, R. W. (2006) ‘Mortality among US employees of a large computer manufacturing company: 1969-2001’, ''Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source'' 2006 5: 30, http://www.ehjournal.net/content/5/1/30. <br><br> Cubitt, S. (2005) ''Ecomedia''. Amsterdam: Rodopi. <br><br> Cubitt, S. (2009) ‘Ubiquitous Media, Rare Earths - The environmental footprint of digital media and what to do about it’, Unpublished talk at the Pervasive Media Lab, University of the West of England, 22 September 2009. <br><br> Cubitt, S., Hassan, R. & Volkmer, I. (2011) ‘Does Cloud Computing Have a Silver Lining?’, ''Media, Culture & Society'' 33 (1): 149-158. <br><br> Cuvelier, J. & Raeymaekers, T. (2002) ‘Supporting the War Economy in the DRC: European Companies and the coltan trade’ An IPIS report, January 2002. See [http://www.ipisresearch.be/download.php?id=197 www.ipisresearch.be/download.php?id=197]. <br><br> Fuchs, C. (2008) ‘The implications of new information and communication technologies for sustainability’, ''Environment, Development and Sustainability'' 10: 291-309. <br><br>Fuller, M. (2005) ''Media Ecologies: Materialist Energies in Art and Technoculture''. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. <br><br>Gabrys, J. (2011) ''Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics.'' Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. <br><br> Guattari, F. (2000) ''The Three Ecologies''. Trans. I. Pindar & P. Sutton. London and New Brunswick, NJ: The Athlone Press. <br><br> Hertz, G. & Parikka, J. (2012) ‘Zombie Media: Circuit Bending Media Archaeology into an Art Method’, forthcoming in ''Leonardo''. <br><br> Kittler, F. (1997) ‘Protected Mode’ in F. Kittler, ''Literature, Media, Information Systems: Essays'' (ed.), J. Johnston. Amsterdam: G+B Arts International. <br><br> Koomey, J. G. (2011) ‘Growth in Data Center Electricity Use 2005 to 2010’, Oakland, CA: Analytics Press, July. http://www.analyticspress.com/datacenters.html. <br><br> Lang, W. & Patel, J. M. (2009) ‘Towards Eco-friendly Database Management Systems’, ''4th Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research (CIDR)'' January 4-7, Asilomar, California, USA. <br><br> Laporte, D. (2000) ''History of Shit''. Trans. N. Benabid & R. el-Khoury. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. <br><br> Martin, T. C. (1894) ''The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla''. New York: The Electrical Engineer/D. van Nostrand Company.. <br><br> Nnorom, I. C., Osibanjo, O., & Ogwuegbu, M. O. C. (2011) ‘Global Disposal Strategies for Waste Cathode Ray Tubes’, ''Resources, Conservation and Recycling'' 55, no. 3 (January): 275-290. Online at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344910002235#sec0015 <br><br> Pasquinelli, M. (2011) ‘Four Regimes of Entropy. For an Ecology of Genetics and Biomorphic Media Theory’ ''Fibreculture'' 17 (April), http://seventeen.fibreculturejournal.org/. <br><br> Pinto, V. N. (2008) ‘E-waste Hazard: The Impending Challenge’, ''Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine'', August 12 (2): 65-70. <br><br> Plummer, D. C. et al. (2008) ‘Gartner's Top Predictions for IT Organizations and Users, 2008 and Beyond: Going Green and Self-Healing’ ''Gartner Research'', 8 January. <br><br> Romm, J, with A. Rosenfeld & S. Herrmann (1999) ''The Internet Economy and Global Warming A Scenario of the Impact of E-commerce on Energy and the Environment. The Center for Energy and Climate Solutions, Version 1.0''. Online at: http://www.p2pays.org/ref/04/03784/0378401.pdf <br><br> Schmidt, C. W. (2002) ‘E-Junk Explosion’, ''Environmental Health Perspectives'' 110, no. 4: 188-194. <br><br> Schmidt, C. W. (2006) ‘Unfair Trade. E-Waste in Africa’, ''Environmental Health Perspectives'' 114, no. 4: 233-235. <br><br> Serres, M. (2011) ''Malfeasance. Appropriation through Pollution?''. Trans. A.-M. Feenberg-Dibon. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <br><br> Silven, O. & Jyrkkä, K. (2007) ‘Observations on Power-Efficiency Trends in Mobile Communication Devices’ , ''EURASIP Journal on Embedded Systems'': 1-10. <br><br> Yeomans, J. S. & Günalay, Y. (2009) ‘Unsustainable Paradoxes Inherent in the International Legislation of Electronic Waste Disposal’, ''Open Environmental Sciences'' 3: 14-19. <br><br> Yu, Z. (2010) ‘Towards High-Performance and Energy-Efficient Multi-core Processors’, in K. Iniewski (ed.), C''MOS Processors and Memories''. Dordrecht et al.: Springer. <br><br> Žižek, S. (2009) ''First as Tragedy, Then as Farce''. London: Verso.

Juspar: /* Jussi ParikkaIntroduction: The Materiality of Media and Waste */ edited a broken link and wrong publication year

2011-11-23T12:48:53Z

Jussi ParikkaIntroduction: The Materiality of Media and Waste: edited a broken link and wrong publication year

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:48, 23 November 2011
Line 17:		Line 17:
	***		***

	This living book consists of three sections. The first, titled ‘Material’, engages with some of the processes and materials from which technical media is produced. This offers a new look at media materialism in a way that is slightly less McLuhanian (‘the medium is the message’) but that insists that the material is the message – or, as Fumikazu Yoshida has it: ‘the relationship between high-technology and environmental problems focuses on high-technology like microelectronics and new material, while biotechnology develops on the basis of new sorts of substances: this is contrary to the saying, ‘the message is more important than the material.’ These substances , even if they have little value in themselves, have long-term and combined effects on human health which are not yet sufficiently clear’ (1994: 105). <br><br> The second section, ‘Energetics’, focuses on energy consumption and includes various perspectives on hand-held mobile devices, data-grids and server economies. The key question is how such new forms of digital economy and energy use (on an abstract informatic level, computers are zero-entropy machines) relate to the old regimes of energy production, and, for instance, CO2 emissions. <br><br> Third, we focus on ‘Waste’ management – a growing part of literature on the materiality of electronic media and information technology cultures. It relates to the global distribution of electronic waste devices as well as the capitalist tendency to be able to recycle such uselessness (shit’) into economic value (Laporte, 2000). In spite of the increasing amount of international regulation since the 1990s, e-waste is still being exported to developing countries (to India and Pakistan, but still also to China). The process follows international labour trends: work in those countries is cheap. Or, as Pinto bluntly states, ‘The dumping of e-waste, particularly computer waste, into India from developed countries (‘green passport’ according to Gutierrez), because the latter find it convenient and economical to export waste, has further complicated the problems with waste management’ (2008). As work is becoming more expensive in China due to rising labour costs and wages, new countries will become the final address for the things which developed countries do not want any more. <br><br> The last section of the book is titled ‘Ecosophy’, following Félix Guattari’s (2000) concept. Ecosophy refers to the creative moment across the three ecological layers he identified as nature, the social and the human subjective ecology. As such, it refers to the creation of new practices and relations within and across ecologies, recognizing that the standard ‘environmental ecology’ perspective is in itself insufficient to tackle the links between capitalist modes of production and specific forms of living attached to that economy. This is why this particular section addresses some ethico-aesthetic perspectives that tap into ‘ecology’ and media in a different vein: it includes texts and links to projects talk about artistic, social science and media theoretical ways to rethink relations between materials, the environment and technologies. <br><br> The texts selected for this collection are principally of three kinds: academic peer-reviewed scientific articles; NGO produced reports concerning e-waste and its global contexts; and social science and media theory interventions into the energetics and nature of contemporary media ecology – including ethical and artistic perspectives. In addition, Appendix 1 includes Jennifer Gabrys’ (2011) book, ''Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics'', which offers an excellent reading of the complex links between media, waste, labour and temporality – something this living book attempts to convey as well. One option is to start reading it from the Appendix. Whether from the beginning, from the end or from the middle, I hope you enjoy digging into trash and waste. All things new have to have a bit of dirt in them anyway.<br><br><br> '''Acknowledgements '''<br><br> A warm thank you to Joanna Zylinska, Gary Hall and Clare Birchall for inviting me to be part of the project. I would not have been able to plant this little living thing without the help of my research assistant, Matthias Wannhoff (Humboldt University). In terms of the idea, I want to thank Sean Cubitt and Garnet Hertz for constant inspiration regarding the waste-materiality of electronic media culture. Further thanks to Winchester School of Art (University of Southampton) and Humboldt University Berlin for providing me with time and space to carry out the work. More thanks are owed to a lot of people, including Robert Jackson (for reminding me of Laporte’s waste(d)-research), Ned Rossiter for tips, and the audiences both at Utrecht University and Humboldt University, where I delivered talks on Medianature(s) during the spring and summer of 2011.<br><br><br>'''Notes'''<br><br><sup>1</sup> See also the video of Cubitt’s talk at Anglia Ruskin University ‘Trust, Identity, Privacy and Security in Digital Culture, September 10, 2009, http://barney.inspire.anglia.ac.uk/inspire_j/ds1.html.<br><br> <sup>2</sup> Sean Cubitt interviewed by Simon Mills, Framed, online at http://www.framejournal.net/interview/10/sean-cubitt.<br><br> <sup>3</sup> However, a recent report by Koomey (2011) has shown that the growth in the energy consumption of data centres is actually smaller than predicted.<br><br><br> '''References '''<br><br>Bennett, J. (2010) V''ibrant Matter. A Political Ecology of Things''. Durham: Duke University Press. <br><br> Ciocoiu, N., Burcea, S. & Târtiu, V. (2010) ‘Environmental Impact of ICT and Implications for E-Waste Management in Romania’, ''Economia''. Seria Management 13, no. 2/2: 348-360. <br><br> Clapp, R. W. (2006) ‘Mortality among US employees of a large computer manufacturing company: 1969-2001’, ''Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source'' 2006 5: 30, http://www.ehjournal.net/content/5/1/30. <br><br> Cubitt, S. (2005) ''Ecomedia''. Amsterdam: Rodopi. <br><br> Cubitt, S. (2009) ‘Ubiquitous Media, Rare Earths - The environmental footprint of digital media and what to do about it’, Unpublished talk at the Pervasive Media Lab, University of the West of England, 22 September 2009. <br><br> Cubitt, S., Hassan, R. & Volkmer, I. (2011) ‘Does Cloud Computing Have a Silver Lining?’, ''Media, Culture & Society'' 33 (1): 149-158. <br><br> Cuvelier, J. & Raeymaekers, T. (~~2008~~) ‘Supporting the War Economy in the DRC: European Companies and the coltan trade’ An IPIS report, January 2002. See ~~also http://~~www.ipisresearch.be/. <br><br> Fuchs, C. (2008) ‘The implications of new information and communication technologies for sustainability’, ''Environment, Development and Sustainability'' 10: 291-309. <br><br>Fuller, M. (2005) ''Media Ecologies: Materialist Energies in Art and Technoculture''. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. <br><br>Gabrys, J. (2011) ''Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics.'' Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. <br><br> Guattari, F. (2000) ''The Three Ecologies''. Trans. I. Pindar & P. Sutton. London and New Brunswick, NJ: The Athlone Press. <br><br> Hertz, G. & Parikka, J. (2012) ‘Zombie Media: Circuit Bending Media Archaeology into an Art Method’, forthcoming in ''Leonardo''. <br><br> Kittler, F. (1997) ‘Protected Mode’ in F. Kittler, ''Literature, Media, Information Systems: Essays'' (ed.), J. Johnston. Amsterdam: G+B Arts International. <br><br> Koomey, J. G. (2011) ‘Growth in Data Center Electricity Use 2005 to 2010’, Oakland, CA: Analytics Press, July. http://www.analyticspress.com/datacenters.html. <br><br> Lang, W. & Patel, J. M. (2009) ‘Towards Eco-friendly Database Management Systems’, ''4th Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research (CIDR)'' January 4-7, Asilomar, California, USA. <br><br> Laporte, D. (2000) ''History of Shit''. Trans. N. Benabid & R. el-Khoury. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. <br><br> Martin, T. C. (1894) ''The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla''. New York: The Electrical Engineer/D. van Nostrand Company.. <br><br> Nnorom, I. C., Osibanjo, O., & Ogwuegbu, M. O. C. (2011) ‘Global Disposal Strategies for Waste Cathode Ray Tubes’, ''Resources, Conservation and Recycling'' 55, no. 3 (January): 275-290. Online at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344910002235#sec0015 <br><br> Pasquinelli, M. (2011) ‘Four Regimes of Entropy. For an Ecology of Genetics and Biomorphic Media Theory’ ''Fibreculture'' 17 (April), http://seventeen.fibreculturejournal.org/. <br><br> Pinto, V. N. (2008) ‘E-waste Hazard: The Impending Challenge’, ''Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine'', August 12 (2): 65-70. <br><br> Plummer, D. C. et al. (2008) ‘Gartner's Top Predictions for IT Organizations and Users, 2008 and Beyond: Going Green and Self-Healing’ ''Gartner Research'', 8 January. <br><br> Romm, J, with A. Rosenfeld & S. Herrmann (1999) ''The Internet Economy and Global Warming A Scenario of the Impact of E-commerce on Energy and the Environment. The Center for Energy and Climate Solutions, Version 1.0''. Online at: http://www.p2pays.org/ref/04/03784/0378401.pdf <br><br> Schmidt, C. W. (2002) ‘E-Junk Explosion’, ''Environmental Health Perspectives'' 110, no. 4: 188-194. <br><br> Schmidt, C. W. (2006) ‘Unfair Trade. E-Waste in Africa’, ''Environmental Health Perspectives'' 114, no. 4: 233-235. <br><br> Serres, M. (2011) ''Malfeasance. Appropriation through Pollution?''. Trans. A.-M. Feenberg-Dibon. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <br><br> Silven, O. & Jyrkkä, K. (2007) ‘Observations on Power-Efficiency Trends in Mobile Communication Devices’ , ''EURASIP Journal on Embedded Systems'': 1-10. <br><br> Yeomans, J. S. & Günalay, Y. (2009) ‘Unsustainable Paradoxes Inherent in the International Legislation of Electronic Waste Disposal’, ''Open Environmental Sciences'' 3: 14-19. <br><br> Yu, Z. (2010) ‘Towards High-Performance and Energy-Efficient Multi-core Processors’, in K. Iniewski (ed.), C''MOS Processors and Memories''. Dordrecht et al.: Springer. <br><br> Žižek, S. (2009) ''First as Tragedy, Then as Farce''. London: Verso.		This living book consists of three sections. The first, titled ‘Material’, engages with some of the processes and materials from which technical media is produced. This offers a new look at media materialism in a way that is slightly less McLuhanian (‘the medium is the message’) but that insists that the material is the message – or, as Fumikazu Yoshida has it: ‘the relationship between high-technology and environmental problems focuses on high-technology like microelectronics and new material, while biotechnology develops on the basis of new sorts of substances: this is contrary to the saying, ‘the message is more important than the material.’ These substances , even if they have little value in themselves, have long-term and combined effects on human health which are not yet sufficiently clear’ (1994: 105). <br><br> The second section, ‘Energetics’, focuses on energy consumption and includes various perspectives on hand-held mobile devices, data-grids and server economies. The key question is how such new forms of digital economy and energy use (on an abstract informatic level, computers are zero-entropy machines) relate to the old regimes of energy production, and, for instance, CO2 emissions. <br><br> Third, we focus on ‘Waste’ management – a growing part of literature on the materiality of electronic media and information technology cultures. It relates to the global distribution of electronic waste devices as well as the capitalist tendency to be able to recycle such uselessness (shit’) into economic value (Laporte, 2000). In spite of the increasing amount of international regulation since the 1990s, e-waste is still being exported to developing countries (to India and Pakistan, but still also to China). The process follows international labour trends: work in those countries is cheap. Or, as Pinto bluntly states, ‘The dumping of e-waste, particularly computer waste, into India from developed countries (‘green passport’ according to Gutierrez), because the latter find it convenient and economical to export waste, has further complicated the problems with waste management’ (2008). As work is becoming more expensive in China due to rising labour costs and wages, new countries will become the final address for the things which developed countries do not want any more. <br><br> The last section of the book is titled ‘Ecosophy’, following Félix Guattari’s (2000) concept. Ecosophy refers to the creative moment across the three ecological layers he identified as nature, the social and the human subjective ecology. As such, it refers to the creation of new practices and relations within and across ecologies, recognizing that the standard ‘environmental ecology’ perspective is in itself insufficient to tackle the links between capitalist modes of production and specific forms of living attached to that economy. This is why this particular section addresses some ethico-aesthetic perspectives that tap into ‘ecology’ and media in a different vein: it includes texts and links to projects talk about artistic, social science and media theoretical ways to rethink relations between materials, the environment and technologies. <br><br> The texts selected for this collection are principally of three kinds: academic peer-reviewed scientific articles; NGO produced reports concerning e-waste and its global contexts; and social science and media theory interventions into the energetics and nature of contemporary media ecology – including ethical and artistic perspectives. In addition, Appendix 1 includes Jennifer Gabrys’ (2011) book, ''Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics'', which offers an excellent reading of the complex links between media, waste, labour and temporality – something this living book attempts to convey as well. One option is to start reading it from the Appendix. Whether from the beginning, from the end or from the middle, I hope you enjoy digging into trash and waste. All things new have to have a bit of dirt in them anyway.<br><br><br> '''Acknowledgements '''<br><br> A warm thank you to Joanna Zylinska, Gary Hall and Clare Birchall for inviting me to be part of the project. I would not have been able to plant this little living thing without the help of my research assistant, Matthias Wannhoff (Humboldt University). In terms of the idea, I want to thank Sean Cubitt and Garnet Hertz for constant inspiration regarding the waste-materiality of electronic media culture. Further thanks to Winchester School of Art (University of Southampton) and Humboldt University Berlin for providing me with time and space to carry out the work. More thanks are owed to a lot of people, including Robert Jackson (for reminding me of Laporte’s waste(d)-research), Ned Rossiter for tips, and the audiences both at Utrecht University and Humboldt University, where I delivered talks on Medianature(s) during the spring and summer of 2011.<br><br><br>'''Notes'''<br><br><sup>1</sup> See also the video of Cubitt’s talk at Anglia Ruskin University ‘Trust, Identity, Privacy and Security in Digital Culture, September 10, 2009, http://barney.inspire.anglia.ac.uk/inspire_j/ds1.html.<br><br> <sup>2</sup> Sean Cubitt interviewed by Simon Mills, Framed, online at http://www.framejournal.net/interview/10/sean-cubitt.<br><br> <sup>3</sup> However, a recent report by Koomey (2011) has shown that the growth in the energy consumption of data centres is actually smaller than predicted.<br><br><br> '''References '''<br><br>Bennett, J. (2010) V''ibrant Matter. A Political Ecology of Things''. Durham: Duke University Press. <br><br> Ciocoiu, N., Burcea, S. & Târtiu, V. (2010) ‘Environmental Impact of ICT and Implications for E-Waste Management in Romania’, ''Economia''. Seria Management 13, no. 2/2: 348-360. <br><br> Clapp, R. W. (2006) ‘Mortality among US employees of a large computer manufacturing company: 1969-2001’, ''Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source'' 2006 5: 30, http://www.ehjournal.net/content/5/1/30. <br><br> Cubitt, S. (2005) ''Ecomedia''. Amsterdam: Rodopi. <br><br> Cubitt, S. (2009) ‘Ubiquitous Media, Rare Earths - The environmental footprint of digital media and what to do about it’, Unpublished talk at the Pervasive Media Lab, University of the West of England, 22 September 2009. <br><br> Cubitt, S., Hassan, R. & Volkmer, I. (2011) ‘Does Cloud Computing Have a Silver Lining?’, ''Media, Culture & Society'' 33 (1): 149-158. <br><br> Cuvelier, J. & Raeymaekers, T. (2002) ‘Supporting the War Economy in the DRC: European Companies and the coltan trade’ An IPIS report, January 2002. See www.ipisresearch.be/download.php?id=197. <br><br> Fuchs, C. (2008) ‘The implications of new information and communication technologies for sustainability’, ''Environment, Development and Sustainability'' 10: 291-309. <br><br>Fuller, M. (2005) ''Media Ecologies: Materialist Energies in Art and Technoculture''. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. <br><br>Gabrys, J. (2011) ''Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics.'' Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. <br><br> Guattari, F. (2000) ''The Three Ecologies''. Trans. I. Pindar & P. Sutton. London and New Brunswick, NJ: The Athlone Press. <br><br> Hertz, G. & Parikka, J. (2012) ‘Zombie Media: Circuit Bending Media Archaeology into an Art Method’, forthcoming in ''Leonardo''. <br><br> Kittler, F. (1997) ‘Protected Mode’ in F. Kittler, ''Literature, Media, Information Systems: Essays'' (ed.), J. Johnston. Amsterdam: G+B Arts International. <br><br> Koomey, J. G. (2011) ‘Growth in Data Center Electricity Use 2005 to 2010’, Oakland, CA: Analytics Press, July. http://www.analyticspress.com/datacenters.html. <br><br> Lang, W. & Patel, J. M. (2009) ‘Towards Eco-friendly Database Management Systems’, ''4th Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research (CIDR)'' January 4-7, Asilomar, California, USA. <br><br> Laporte, D. (2000) ''History of Shit''. Trans. N. Benabid & R. el-Khoury. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. <br><br> Martin, T. C. (1894) ''The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla''. New York: The Electrical Engineer/D. van Nostrand Company.. <br><br> Nnorom, I. C., Osibanjo, O., & Ogwuegbu, M. O. C. (2011) ‘Global Disposal Strategies for Waste Cathode Ray Tubes’, ''Resources, Conservation and Recycling'' 55, no. 3 (January): 275-290. Online at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344910002235#sec0015 <br><br> Pasquinelli, M. (2011) ‘Four Regimes of Entropy. For an Ecology of Genetics and Biomorphic Media Theory’ ''Fibreculture'' 17 (April), http://seventeen.fibreculturejournal.org/. <br><br> Pinto, V. N. (2008) ‘E-waste Hazard: The Impending Challenge’, ''Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine'', August 12 (2): 65-70. <br><br> Plummer, D. C. et al. (2008) ‘Gartner's Top Predictions for IT Organizations and Users, 2008 and Beyond: Going Green and Self-Healing’ ''Gartner Research'', 8 January. <br><br> Romm, J, with A. Rosenfeld & S. Herrmann (1999) ''The Internet Economy and Global Warming A Scenario of the Impact of E-commerce on Energy and the Environment. The Center for Energy and Climate Solutions, Version 1.0''. Online at: http://www.p2pays.org/ref/04/03784/0378401.pdf <br><br> Schmidt, C. W. (2002) ‘E-Junk Explosion’, ''Environmental Health Perspectives'' 110, no. 4: 188-194. <br><br> Schmidt, C. W. (2006) ‘Unfair Trade. E-Waste in Africa’, ''Environmental Health Perspectives'' 114, no. 4: 233-235. <br><br> Serres, M. (2011) ''Malfeasance. Appropriation through Pollution?''. Trans. A.-M. Feenberg-Dibon. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <br><br> Silven, O. & Jyrkkä, K. (2007) ‘Observations on Power-Efficiency Trends in Mobile Communication Devices’ , ''EURASIP Journal on Embedded Systems'': 1-10. <br><br> Yeomans, J. S. & Günalay, Y. (2009) ‘Unsustainable Paradoxes Inherent in the International Legislation of Electronic Waste Disposal’, ''Open Environmental Sciences'' 3: 14-19. <br><br> Yu, Z. (2010) ‘Towards High-Performance and Energy-Efficient Multi-core Processors’, in K. Iniewski (ed.), C''MOS Processors and Memories''. Dordrecht et al.: Springer. <br><br> Žižek, S. (2009) ''First as Tragedy, Then as Farce''. London: Verso.

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2011-10-25T19:47:50Z

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Joanna at 11:49, 9 October 2011

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	[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Medianatures Back to the book]		[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Medianatures Back to the book] <br>
	<br>
	= Jussi Parikka<br>'''Introduction: The Materiality of Media and Waste''' =		= Jussi Parikka<br>'''Introduction: The Materiality of Media and Waste''' =

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	<br>And yet, unlike the 1990s enthusiasm for the post-energy economy of information, Tesla’s vision relates to energy in its materiality. The CO2 industries that rely on coal and wood are not replaced by immateriality, but by the specific electrical forces – which he, in his own quirky way, goes on to describe and demonstrate. The point is not the accuracy – or inaccuracy – of some of Tesla’s ideas, but rather how the way he envisions new media and society as revolving around energy anyway. He thus offers us a richer way to think about informatics – as a field which is impossible to understand without considering its entropic effects. <br><br> Media archaeological perspectives can offer alternative views to media, science and energy, as well as other, more political ideas. This relates to the need to think about the ecological materiality of media devices already in design practice. One of the problems of current regime of ‘planned obsolescence’ – a term that actually stems from the 1930s – is the short use-span of electronic media, whether mobile phones, televisions, or laptop computers. As such, this is emphasized through design solutions that strengthen the black box nature of media technologies which are not to be opened up, fixed or reused. Focusing on design from the point of view of sustainability and ''Extended Producer Responsibility'' means having to focus on materials used as much as the processes in which materials are processed. This includes considering issues such as those identified by Pinto (2008):		<br>And yet, unlike the 1990s enthusiasm for the post-energy economy of information, Tesla’s vision relates to energy in its materiality. The CO2 industries that rely on coal and wood are not replaced by immateriality, but by the specific electrical forces – which he, in his own quirky way, goes on to describe and demonstrate. The point is not the accuracy – or inaccuracy – of some of Tesla’s ideas, but rather how the way he envisions new media and society as revolving around energy anyway. He thus offers us a richer way to think about informatics – as a field which is impossible to understand without considering its entropic effects. <br><br> Media archaeological perspectives can offer alternative views to media, science and energy, as well as other, more political ideas. This relates to the need to think about the ecological materiality of media devices already in design practice. One of the problems of current regime of ‘planned obsolescence’ – a term that actually stems from the 1930s – is the short use-span of electronic media, whether mobile phones, televisions, or laptop computers. As such, this is emphasized through design solutions that strengthen the black box nature of media technologies which are not to be opened up, fixed or reused. Focusing on design from the point of view of sustainability and ''Extended Producer Responsibility'' means having to focus on materials used as much as the processes in which materials are processed. This includes considering issues such as those identified by Pinto (2008):

	<br>• Inventory management<br>• Production process modification<br>• Volume reduction<br>• Recovery and reuse<br>• Sustainable product design involves:<br>• Rethinking on procedures of designing the product (flat computers)<br>• Use of renewable material and energy<br>• Creating electronic components and peripherals of biodegradable material<br>• Looking at a green packaging option<br>• Utilizing a minimum packaging material <br><br> In a more artistic vein (see the section, ‘Ecosophy’), similar themes have been addressed by circuit bending and hardware hacking methodologies – for instance, by Garnet Hertz’s Dead Media Lab (http://www.conceptlab.com/deadmedia/), which extends the media archaeological idea of dead, abandoned media to environmental concerns. This is the context in which Hertz & Parikka (2012) have talked about zombie media, rather than dead media. According to the zombie media concept, technological devices never die, but decay and leave environmental residues, and are then repurposed and reused in a more environmental friendly way. This again points towards the need to consider design practices. It flags the importance of such basic design solutions as casing, reusability and replaceability of parts, accessibility for fixing and manipulation, etc. <br><br> It is essential, however, to remain critical of the ‘sustainability’ discourse in design and in information technology in general, and to unpick some of its core assumptions. The (false) idea of digitality as automatically reducing CO2 and other environmental waste is one such claim that needs to be urgently challenged (Fuchs, 2008). Sustainability is a good example of what Slavoj Žižek has referred in various of his talks and writings as the refashioning of capitalism into something ‘with a friendly face’. Sustainability thus become one possible investment focus, even if, at its core, nothing per se changes about capitalism as a mode of production which is keen to expand and intensify its accumulative nature. Ecology is therefore in danger of becoming a personal ethical project (Žižek, 2009: 53-54, 98; see also Yeomans and Günalay, 2009). Indeed, as Gartner Research (Plummer et al., 2008) projected in their 2008 consumer trend prediction, Green IT and tracking carbon dioxide footprints for information technology is something that producers and sellers have to start taking into account. This involves moving forward from mere ‘sustainability’ – which assumes that we can continue as things are, in terms of our political economy, our subjectivity, and the accepted miseries of the world, as long as we make it sustainable for us and for the ecology. As such, the discourse of sustainability on its own is unsustainable, and needs to be reinforced with a stronger, ecosophical project that maps environmental concerns as part of aesthetics, economy and the politics of subjectification. <br><br> This is a paradoxical situation: increasingly, digital economy has to take theses aspects concerning the massive environmental catastrophe into account and focus on the management of not just production and desired use, but also on the management of desired non-use. Waste management (see the section on ‘Waste’) is a growing theme in literature concerned with this side of the eco-technological connection. It touches on this bit of the production chain that is throwing grave concerns on capitalist accumulation; yet it also presents a possibility for intensifying the processes of capitalism to the area of seeming uselessness – garbage and waste. Whereas management of hazardous materials from e-waste has been a topic discussed since the 1980s (and already 1990s saw the key international policies suggested (the Basel Convention in 1994)), the United States has still not ratified the call. <br><br> This issue has many implications. On the specific level concerning waste and garbage, it relates to legislation, policies, the fair and transparent waste management of electronic media, production and dismantling processes and the understanding of the energy-intensive nature of high-tech media in a manner that needs to be followed through and addressed from the point of view of its environmental effects. Already in the 1980s (see Yoshida, 1994) there were reports on the wide use of dangerous chemicals in semiconductor industries. Mapping such links is the work of true media ecology – of media existing ''in'' and as ''part of'' ecology. <br><br> For humanities and media studies scholars, e-waste can be connected to the material accounts of media and contemporary culture. On the one hand, we need to be looking more closely at the intensity of the waste as living dead material – whereby ‘waste’ is not just waste but also a form of life, and thus is in need of its own biopolitics. As beautifully put by Gabrys, ‘The architecture of the landfill accretes through the sedimentation of trash, layers covered with earth and compacted into airless cells. The landfill settles, shifts, and subsides, generating methane gases and carbon dioxide. […] But this shifting architecture decomposes into the soil to expel greenhouse gases and heavy metal runoff, as well as intractable and scattered objects that refuse to decay’ (2011: 140-141). <br><br> This also has implications for the way in which we approach our media technology. It is about time we developed vocabularies for those media devices of ours in their materiality – not as reduced from their politics and social connections, but as messy, topological and processually entangled in worlds of so many layers from nature to society and to psyche. This relates to the recent project of new materialism, a theoretical wave of coming up with ontological and epistemological ways to understand the agency and micropolitics of matter. Here, I want to use as a springboard a perspective on apparatuses that comes from the feminist philosopher of science Karen Barad. In her passage, she talks about scientific apparatuses and their materiality as intensive, formative and always participating in the reconfiguring of the world. As an experiment, think of this passage quoted below as applying to our electronic media technologies too – and start noticing the implications for a materially informed idea about the devices themselves which are not just produced ''from'' but which are also ''contributing to'' the material, natural world. So, following Barad, what are apparatuses and, more specifically, ''media apparatuses'' (but not in the manner of the film theory apparatus-theory)? <br><br>		<br>• Inventory management<br>• Production process modification<br>• Volume reduction<br>• Recovery and reuse<br>• Sustainable product design, which involves:<br>• Rethinking procedures involved in designing the product (flat computers)<br>• Use of renewable material and energy<br>• Creating electronic components and peripherals of biodegradable material<br>• Looking at a green packaging option<br>• Utilizing a minimum packaging material <br><br> In a more artistic vein (see the section, ‘Ecosophy’), similar themes have been addressed by circuit bending and hardware hacking methodologies – for instance, by Garnet Hertz’s Dead Media Lab (http://www.conceptlab.com/deadmedia/), which extends the media archaeological idea of dead, abandoned media to environmental concerns. This is the context in which Hertz & Parikka (2012) have talked about zombie media, rather than dead media. According to the zombie media concept, technological devices never die, but decay and leave environmental residues, and are then repurposed and reused in a more environmental friendly way. This again points towards the need to consider design practices. It flags the importance of such basic design solutions as casing, reusability and replaceability of parts, accessibility for fixing and manipulation, etc. <br><br> It is essential, however, to remain critical of the ‘sustainability’ discourse in design and in information technology in general, and to unpick some of its core assumptions. The (false) idea of digitality as automatically reducing CO2 and other environmental waste is one such claim that needs to be urgently challenged (Fuchs, 2008). Sustainability is a good example of what Slavoj Žižek has referred in various of his talks and writings as the refashioning of capitalism into something ‘with a friendly face’. Sustainability thus become one possible investment focus, even if, at its core, nothing per se changes about capitalism as a mode of production which is keen to expand and intensify its accumulative nature. Ecology is therefore in danger of becoming a personal ethical project (Žižek, 2009: 53-54, 98; see also Yeomans and Günalay, 2009). Indeed, as Gartner Research (Plummer et al., 2008) projected in their 2008 consumer trend prediction, Green IT and tracking carbon dioxide footprints for information technology is something that producers and sellers have to start taking into account. This involves moving forward from mere ‘sustainability’ – which assumes that we can continue as things are, in terms of our political economy, our subjectivity, and the accepted miseries of the world, as long as we make it sustainable for us and for the ecology. As such, the discourse of sustainability on its own is unsustainable, and needs to be reinforced with a stronger, ecosophical project that maps environmental concerns as part of aesthetics, economy and the politics of subjectification. <br><br> This is a paradoxical situation: increasingly, digital economy has to take theses aspects concerning the massive environmental catastrophe into account and focus on the management of not just production and desired use, but also on the management of desired non-use. Waste management (see the section on ‘Waste’) is a growing theme in literature concerned with this side of the eco-technological connection. It touches on this bit of the production chain that is throwing grave concerns on capitalist accumulation; yet it also presents a possibility for intensifying the processes of capitalism to the area of seeming uselessness – garbage and waste. Whereas management of hazardous materials from e-waste has been a topic discussed since the 1980s (and already 1990s saw the key international policies suggested (the Basel Convention in 1994)), the United States has still not ratified the call. <br><br> This issue has many implications. On the specific level concerning waste and garbage, it relates to legislation, policies, the fair and transparent waste management of electronic media, production and dismantling processes and the understanding of the energy-intensive nature of high-tech media in a manner that needs to be followed through and addressed from the point of view of its environmental effects. Already in the 1980s (see Yoshida, 1994) there were reports on the wide use of dangerous chemicals in semiconductor industries. Mapping such links is the work of true media ecology – of media existing ''in'' and as ''part of'' ecology. <br><br> For humanities and media studies scholars, e-waste can be connected to the material accounts of media and contemporary culture. On the one hand, we need to be looking more closely at the intensity of the waste as living dead material – whereby ‘waste’ is not just waste but also a form of life, and thus is in need of its own biopolitics. As beautifully put by Gabrys, ‘The architecture of the landfill accretes through the sedimentation of trash, layers covered with earth and compacted into airless cells. The landfill settles, shifts, and subsides, generating methane gases and carbon dioxide. […] But this shifting architecture decomposes into the soil to expel greenhouse gases and heavy metal runoff, as well as intractable and scattered objects that refuse to decay’ (2011: 140-141). <br><br> This also has implications for the way in which we approach our media technology. It is about time we developed vocabularies for those media devices of ours in their materiality – not as reduced from their politics and social connections, but as messy, topological and processually entangled in worlds of so many layers from nature to society and to psyche. This relates to the recent project of new materialism, a theoretical wave of coming up with ontological and epistemological ways to understand the agency and micropolitics of matter. Here, I want to use as a springboard a perspective on apparatuses that comes from the feminist philosopher of science Karen Barad. In her passage, she talks about scientific apparatuses and their materiality as intensive, formative and always participating in the reconfiguring of the world. As an experiment, think of this passage quoted below as applying to our electronic media technologies too – and start noticing the implications for a materially informed idea about the devices themselves which are not just produced ''from'' but which are also ''contributing to'' the material, natural world. So, following Barad, what are apparatuses and, more specifically, ''media apparatuses'' (but not in the manner of the film theory apparatus-theory)? <br><br>
	<blockquote>1) apparatuses are specific material-discursive practices (they are not merely laboratory setups that embody human concepts and take measurements); 2) apparatuses produce differences that matter―they are boundary-making practices that are formative of matter and meaning, productive of, and part of, the phenomena produced; 3) apparatuses are material configurations/dynamic reconfigurings of the world; 4) apparatuses are themselves phenomena (constituted and dynamically reconstituted as part of the ongoing intra-activity of the world); 5) apparatuses have no intrinsic boundaries but are open-ended practices; and 6) apparatuses are not located in the world but are material configurations and reconfigurings of the world that re(con)figure spatiality and temporality as well as (the traditional notion of) dynamics (i.e. they do not exist as static structures, nor do they merely unfold or evolve in space and time). (Barad, 2007: 146)</blockquote>		<blockquote>1) apparatuses are specific material-discursive practices (they are not merely laboratory setups that embody human concepts and take measurements); 2) apparatuses produce differences that matter―they are boundary-making practices that are formative of matter and meaning, productive of, and part of, the phenomena produced; 3) apparatuses are material configurations/dynamic reconfigurings of the world; 4) apparatuses are themselves phenomena (constituted and dynamically reconstituted as part of the ongoing intra-activity of the world); 5) apparatuses have no intrinsic boundaries but are open-ended practices; and 6) apparatuses are not located in the world but are material configurations and reconfigurings of the world that re(con)figure spatiality and temporality as well as (the traditional notion of) dynamics (i.e. they do not exist as static structures, nor do they merely unfold or evolve in space and time). (Barad, 2007: 146)</blockquote>
	<br>Technology and apparatuses are far from static, and so is ‘matter’ or ‘nature’, both filled as they are with catalyzing forces and becomings in a manner that testifies to their vibrancy (Bennett, 2010). Technologies are intensively involved in the world and hence share an eco-technological link, or in other words, a material-mediatic continuum. For media studies, this continuum is important to elaborate in order to really tap into the ecological contexts of medianatures as a theme that needs urgent attention. For the wider field of environmental sciences and product design, both for end-consumers and industries (for instance, greener data grids and servers or components), the challenge is as urgent. <br><br>		<br>Technology and apparatuses are far from static, and so is ‘matter’ or ‘nature’, both filled as they are with catalyzing forces and becomings in a manner that testifies to their vibrancy (Bennett, 2010). Technologies are intensively involved in the world and hence share an eco-technological link, or in other words, a material-mediatic continuum. For media studies, this continuum is important to elaborate in order to really tap into the ecological contexts of medianatures as a theme that needs urgent attention. For the wider field of environmental sciences and product design, both for end-consumers and industries (for instance, greener data grids and servers or components), the challenge is as urgent. <br><br>

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	This living book consists of three sections. The first, titled ‘Material’, engages with some of the processes and materials from which technical media is produced. This offers a new look at media materialism in a way that is slightly less McLuhanian (‘the medium is the message’) but that insists that the material is the message – or, as Fumikazu Yoshida has it: ‘the relationship between high-technology and environmental problems focuses on high-technology like microelectronics and new material, while biotechnology develops on the basis of new sorts of substances: this is contrary to the saying, ‘the message is more important than the material.’ These substances , even if they have little value in themselves, have long-term and combined effects on human health which are not yet sufficiently clear’ (1994: 105). <br><br> The second section, ‘Energetics’, focuses on energy consumption and includes various perspectives on hand-held mobile devices, data-grids and server economies. The key question is how such new forms of digital economy and energy use (on an abstract informatic level, computers are zero-entropy machines) relate to the old regimes of energy production, and, for instance, CO2 emissions. <br><br> Third, we focus on ‘Waste’ management – a growing part of literature on the materiality of electronic media and information technology cultures. It relates to the global distribution of electronic waste devices as well as the capitalist tendency to be able to recycle such uselessness (shit’) into economic value (Laporte, 2000). In spite of the increasing amount of international regulation since the 1990s, e-waste is still being exported to developing countries (to India and Pakistan, but still also to China). The process follows international labour trends: work in those countries is cheap. Or, as Pinto bluntly states, ‘The dumping of e-waste, particularly computer waste, into India from developed countries (‘green passport’ according to Gutierrez), because the latter find it convenient and economical to export waste, has further complicated the problems with waste management’ (2008). As work is becoming more expensive in China due to rising labour costs and wages, new countries will become the final address for the things which developed countries do not want any more. <br><br> The last section of the book is titled ‘Ecosophy’, following Félix Guattari’s (2000) concept. Ecosophy refers to the creative moment across the three ecological layers he identified as nature, the social and the human subjective ecology. As such, it refers to the creation of new practices and relations within and across ecologies, recognizing that the standard ‘environmental ecology’ perspective is in itself insufficient to tackle the links between capitalist modes of production and specific forms of living attached to that economy. This is why this particular section addresses some ethico-aesthetic perspectives that tap into ‘ecology’ and media in a different vein: it includes texts and links to projects talk about artistic, social science and media theoretical ways to rethink relations between materials, the environment and technologies. <br><br> The texts selected for this collection are principally of three kinds: academic peer-reviewed scientific articles; NGO produced reports concerning e-waste and its global contexts; and social science and media theory interventions into the energetics and nature of contemporary media ecology – including ethical and artistic perspectives. In addition, Appendix 1 includes Jennifer Gabrys’ (2011) book, ''Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics'', which offers an excellent reading of the complex links between media, waste, labour and temporality – something this living book attempts to convey as well. One option is to start reading it from the Appendix. Whether from the beginning, from the end or from the middle, I hope you enjoy digging into trash and waste. All things new have to have a bit of dirt in them anyway.<br><br><br> '''Acknowledgements '''<br><br> A warm thank you to Joanna Zylinska, Gary Hall and Clare Birchall for inviting me to be part of the project. I would not have been able to plant this little living thing without the help of my research assistant, Matthias Wannhoff (Humboldt University). In terms of the idea, I want to thank Sean Cubitt and Garnet Hertz for constant inspiration regarding the waste-materiality of electronic media culture. Further thanks to Winchester School of Art (University of Southampton) and Humboldt University Berlin for providing me with time and space to ~~carru~~ out the work. More thanks are owed to a lot of people, including Robert Jackson (for reminding me of Laporte’s waste(d)-research), Ned Rossiter for tips, and the audiences both at Utrecht University and Humboldt University, where I delivered talks on Medianature(s) during the spring and summer of 2011.<br><br><br>'''Notes'''<br><br><sup>1</sup> See also the video of Cubitt’s talk at Anglia Ruskin University ‘Trust, Identity, Privacy and Security in Digital Culture, September 10, 2009, http://barney.inspire.anglia.ac.uk/inspire_j/ds1.html.<br><br> <sup>2</sup> Sean Cubitt interviewed by Simon Mills, Framed, online at http://www.framejournal.net/interview/10/sean-cubitt.<br><br> <sup>3</sup> However, a recent report by Koomey (2011) has shown that the growth in the energy consumption of data centres is actually smaller than predicted.<br><br><br> '''References '''<br><br>Bennett, J. (2010) V''ibrant Matter. A Political Ecology of Things''. Durham: Duke University Press. <br><br> Ciocoiu, N., Burcea, S. & Târtiu, V. (2010) ‘Environmental Impact of ICT and Implications for E-Waste Management in Romania’, ''Economia''. Seria Management 13, no. 2/2: 348-360. <br><br> Clapp, R. W. (2006) ‘Mortality among US employees of a large computer manufacturing company: 1969-2001’, ''Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source'' 2006 5: 30, http://www.ehjournal.net/content/5/1/30. <br><br> Cubitt, S. (2005) ''Ecomedia''. Amsterdam: Rodopi. <br><br> Cubitt, S. (2009) ‘Ubiquitous Media, Rare Earths - The environmental footprint of digital media and what to do about it’, Unpublished talk at the Pervasive Media Lab, University of the West of England, 22 September 2009. <br><br> Cubitt, S., Hassan, R. & Volkmer, I. (2011) ‘Does Cloud Computing Have a Silver Lining?’, ''Media, Culture & Society'' 33 (1): 149-158. <br><br> Cuvelier, J. & Raeymaekers, T. (2008) ‘Supporting the War Economy in the DRC: European Companies and the coltan trade’ An IPIS report, January 2002. See also http://www.ipisresearch.be/. <br><br> Fuchs, C. (2008) ‘The implications of new information and communication technologies for sustainability’, ''Environment, Development and Sustainability'' 10: 291-309. <br><br>Fuller, M. (2005) ''Media Ecologies: Materialist Energies in Art and Technoculture''. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. <br><br>Gabrys, J. (2011) ''Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics.'' Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. <br><br> Guattari, F. (2000) ''The Three Ecologies''. Trans. I. Pindar & P. Sutton. London and New Brunswick, NJ: The Athlone Press. <br><br> Hertz, G. & Parikka, J. (2012) ‘Zombie Media: Circuit Bending Media Archaeology into an Art Method’, forthcoming in ''Leonardo''. <br><br> Kittler, F. (1997) ‘Protected Mode’ in F. Kittler, ''Literature, Media, Information Systems: Essays'' (ed.), J. Johnston. Amsterdam: G+B Arts International. <br><br> Koomey, J. G. (2011) ‘Growth in Data Center Electricity Use 2005 to 2010’, Oakland, CA: Analytics Press, July. http://www.analyticspress.com/datacenters.html. <br><br> Lang, W. & Patel, J. M. (2009) ‘Towards Eco-friendly Database Management Systems’, ''4th Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research (CIDR)'' January 4-7, Asilomar, California, USA. <br><br> Laporte, D. (2000) ''History of Shit''. Trans. N. Benabid & R. el-Khoury. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. <br><br> Martin, T. C. (1894) ''The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla''. New York: The Electrical Engineer/D. van Nostrand Company.. <br><br> Nnorom, I. C., Osibanjo, O., & Ogwuegbu, M. O. C. (2011) ‘Global Disposal Strategies for Waste Cathode Ray Tubes’, ''Resources, Conservation and Recycling'' 55, no. 3 (January): 275-290. Online at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344910002235#sec0015 <br><br> Pasquinelli, M. (2011) ‘Four Regimes of Entropy. For an Ecology of Genetics and Biomorphic Media Theory’ ''Fibreculture'' 17 (April), http://seventeen.fibreculturejournal.org/. <br><br> Pinto, V. N. (2008) ‘E-waste Hazard: The Impending Challenge’, ''Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine'', August 12 (2): 65-70. <br><br> Plummer, D. C. et al. (2008) ‘Gartner's Top Predictions for IT Organizations and Users, 2008 and Beyond: Going Green and Self-Healing’ ''Gartner Research'', 8 January. <br><br> Romm, J, with A. Rosenfeld & S. Herrmann (1999) ''The Internet Economy and Global Warming A Scenario of the Impact of E-commerce on Energy and the Environment. The Center for Energy and Climate Solutions, Version 1.0''. Online at: http://www.p2pays.org/ref/04/03784/0378401.pdf <br><br> Schmidt, C. W. (2002) ‘E-Junk Explosion’, ''Environmental Health Perspectives'' 110, no. 4: 188-194. <br><br> Schmidt, C. W. (2006) ‘Unfair Trade. E-Waste in Africa’, ''Environmental Health Perspectives'' 114, no. 4: 233-235. <br><br> Serres, M. (2011) ''Malfeasance. Appropriation through Pollution?''. Trans. A.-M. Feenberg-Dibon. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <br><br> Silven, O. & Jyrkkä, K. (2007) ‘Observations on Power-Efficiency Trends in Mobile Communication Devices’ , ''EURASIP Journal on Embedded Systems'': 1-10. <br><br> Yeomans, J. S. & Günalay, Y. (2009) ‘Unsustainable Paradoxes Inherent in the International Legislation of Electronic Waste Disposal’, ''Open Environmental Sciences'' 3: 14-19. <br><br> Yu, Z. (2010) ‘Towards High-Performance and Energy-Efficient Multi-core Processors’, in K. Iniewski (ed.), C''MOS Processors and Memories''. Dordrecht et al.: Springer. <br><br> Žižek, S. (2009) ''First as Tragedy, Then as Farce''. London: Verso.		This living book consists of three sections. The first, titled ‘Material’, engages with some of the processes and materials from which technical media is produced. This offers a new look at media materialism in a way that is slightly less McLuhanian (‘the medium is the message’) but that insists that the material is the message – or, as Fumikazu Yoshida has it: ‘the relationship between high-technology and environmental problems focuses on high-technology like microelectronics and new material, while biotechnology develops on the basis of new sorts of substances: this is contrary to the saying, ‘the message is more important than the material.’ These substances , even if they have little value in themselves, have long-term and combined effects on human health which are not yet sufficiently clear’ (1994: 105). <br><br> The second section, ‘Energetics’, focuses on energy consumption and includes various perspectives on hand-held mobile devices, data-grids and server economies. The key question is how such new forms of digital economy and energy use (on an abstract informatic level, computers are zero-entropy machines) relate to the old regimes of energy production, and, for instance, CO2 emissions. <br><br> Third, we focus on ‘Waste’ management – a growing part of literature on the materiality of electronic media and information technology cultures. It relates to the global distribution of electronic waste devices as well as the capitalist tendency to be able to recycle such uselessness (shit’) into economic value (Laporte, 2000). In spite of the increasing amount of international regulation since the 1990s, e-waste is still being exported to developing countries (to India and Pakistan, but still also to China). The process follows international labour trends: work in those countries is cheap. Or, as Pinto bluntly states, ‘The dumping of e-waste, particularly computer waste, into India from developed countries (‘green passport’ according to Gutierrez), because the latter find it convenient and economical to export waste, has further complicated the problems with waste management’ (2008). As work is becoming more expensive in China due to rising labour costs and wages, new countries will become the final address for the things which developed countries do not want any more. <br><br> The last section of the book is titled ‘Ecosophy’, following Félix Guattari’s (2000) concept. Ecosophy refers to the creative moment across the three ecological layers he identified as nature, the social and the human subjective ecology. As such, it refers to the creation of new practices and relations within and across ecologies, recognizing that the standard ‘environmental ecology’ perspective is in itself insufficient to tackle the links between capitalist modes of production and specific forms of living attached to that economy. This is why this particular section addresses some ethico-aesthetic perspectives that tap into ‘ecology’ and media in a different vein: it includes texts and links to projects talk about artistic, social science and media theoretical ways to rethink relations between materials, the environment and technologies. <br><br> The texts selected for this collection are principally of three kinds: academic peer-reviewed scientific articles; NGO produced reports concerning e-waste and its global contexts; and social science and media theory interventions into the energetics and nature of contemporary media ecology – including ethical and artistic perspectives. In addition, Appendix 1 includes Jennifer Gabrys’ (2011) book, ''Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics'', which offers an excellent reading of the complex links between media, waste, labour and temporality – something this living book attempts to convey as well. One option is to start reading it from the Appendix. Whether from the beginning, from the end or from the middle, I hope you enjoy digging into trash and waste. All things new have to have a bit of dirt in them anyway.<br><br><br> '''Acknowledgements '''<br><br> A warm thank you to Joanna Zylinska, Gary Hall and Clare Birchall for inviting me to be part of the project. I would not have been able to plant this little living thing without the help of my research assistant, Matthias Wannhoff (Humboldt University). In terms of the idea, I want to thank Sean Cubitt and Garnet Hertz for constant inspiration regarding the waste-materiality of electronic media culture. Further thanks to Winchester School of Art (University of Southampton) and Humboldt University Berlin for providing me with time and space to carry out the work. More thanks are owed to a lot of people, including Robert Jackson (for reminding me of Laporte’s waste(d)-research), Ned Rossiter for tips, and the audiences both at Utrecht University and Humboldt University, where I delivered talks on Medianature(s) during the spring and summer of 2011.<br><br><br>'''Notes'''<br><br><sup>1</sup> See also the video of Cubitt’s talk at Anglia Ruskin University ‘Trust, Identity, Privacy and Security in Digital Culture, September 10, 2009, http://barney.inspire.anglia.ac.uk/inspire_j/ds1.html.<br><br> <sup>2</sup> Sean Cubitt interviewed by Simon Mills, Framed, online at http://www.framejournal.net/interview/10/sean-cubitt.<br><br> <sup>3</sup> However, a recent report by Koomey (2011) has shown that the growth in the energy consumption of data centres is actually smaller than predicted.<br><br><br> '''References '''<br><br>Bennett, J. (2010) V''ibrant Matter. A Political Ecology of Things''. Durham: Duke University Press. <br><br> Ciocoiu, N., Burcea, S. & Târtiu, V. (2010) ‘Environmental Impact of ICT and Implications for E-Waste Management in Romania’, ''Economia''. Seria Management 13, no. 2/2: 348-360. <br><br> Clapp, R. W. (2006) ‘Mortality among US employees of a large computer manufacturing company: 1969-2001’, ''Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source'' 2006 5: 30, http://www.ehjournal.net/content/5/1/30. <br><br> Cubitt, S. (2005) ''Ecomedia''. Amsterdam: Rodopi. <br><br> Cubitt, S. (2009) ‘Ubiquitous Media, Rare Earths - The environmental footprint of digital media and what to do about it’, Unpublished talk at the Pervasive Media Lab, University of the West of England, 22 September 2009. <br><br> Cubitt, S., Hassan, R. & Volkmer, I. (2011) ‘Does Cloud Computing Have a Silver Lining?’, ''Media, Culture & Society'' 33 (1): 149-158. <br><br> Cuvelier, J. & Raeymaekers, T. (2008) ‘Supporting the War Economy in the DRC: European Companies and the coltan trade’ An IPIS report, January 2002. See also http://www.ipisresearch.be/. <br><br> Fuchs, C. (2008) ‘The implications of new information and communication technologies for sustainability’, ''Environment, Development and Sustainability'' 10: 291-309. <br><br>Fuller, M. (2005) ''Media Ecologies: Materialist Energies in Art and Technoculture''. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. <br><br>Gabrys, J. (2011) ''Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics.'' Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. <br><br> Guattari, F. (2000) ''The Three Ecologies''. Trans. I. Pindar & P. Sutton. London and New Brunswick, NJ: The Athlone Press. <br><br> Hertz, G. & Parikka, J. (2012) ‘Zombie Media: Circuit Bending Media Archaeology into an Art Method’, forthcoming in ''Leonardo''. <br><br> Kittler, F. (1997) ‘Protected Mode’ in F. Kittler, ''Literature, Media, Information Systems: Essays'' (ed.), J. Johnston. Amsterdam: G+B Arts International. <br><br> Koomey, J. G. (2011) ‘Growth in Data Center Electricity Use 2005 to 2010’, Oakland, CA: Analytics Press, July. http://www.analyticspress.com/datacenters.html. <br><br> Lang, W. & Patel, J. M. (2009) ‘Towards Eco-friendly Database Management Systems’, ''4th Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research (CIDR)'' January 4-7, Asilomar, California, USA. <br><br> Laporte, D. (2000) ''History of Shit''. Trans. N. Benabid & R. el-Khoury. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. <br><br> Martin, T. C. (1894) ''The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla''. New York: The Electrical Engineer/D. van Nostrand Company.. <br><br> Nnorom, I. C., Osibanjo, O., & Ogwuegbu, M. O. C. (2011) ‘Global Disposal Strategies for Waste Cathode Ray Tubes’, ''Resources, Conservation and Recycling'' 55, no. 3 (January): 275-290. Online at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344910002235#sec0015 <br><br> Pasquinelli, M. (2011) ‘Four Regimes of Entropy. For an Ecology of Genetics and Biomorphic Media Theory’ ''Fibreculture'' 17 (April), http://seventeen.fibreculturejournal.org/. <br><br> Pinto, V. N. (2008) ‘E-waste Hazard: The Impending Challenge’, ''Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine'', August 12 (2): 65-70. <br><br> Plummer, D. C. et al. (2008) ‘Gartner's Top Predictions for IT Organizations and Users, 2008 and Beyond: Going Green and Self-Healing’ ''Gartner Research'', 8 January. <br><br> Romm, J, with A. Rosenfeld & S. Herrmann (1999) ''The Internet Economy and Global Warming A Scenario of the Impact of E-commerce on Energy and the Environment. The Center for Energy and Climate Solutions, Version 1.0''. Online at: http://www.p2pays.org/ref/04/03784/0378401.pdf <br><br> Schmidt, C. W. (2002) ‘E-Junk Explosion’, ''Environmental Health Perspectives'' 110, no. 4: 188-194. <br><br> Schmidt, C. W. (2006) ‘Unfair Trade. E-Waste in Africa’, ''Environmental Health Perspectives'' 114, no. 4: 233-235. <br><br> Serres, M. (2011) ''Malfeasance. Appropriation through Pollution?''. Trans. A.-M. Feenberg-Dibon. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <br><br> Silven, O. & Jyrkkä, K. (2007) ‘Observations on Power-Efficiency Trends in Mobile Communication Devices’ , ''EURASIP Journal on Embedded Systems'': 1-10. <br><br> Yeomans, J. S. & Günalay, Y. (2009) ‘Unsustainable Paradoxes Inherent in the International Legislation of Electronic Waste Disposal’, ''Open Environmental Sciences'' 3: 14-19. <br><br> Yu, Z. (2010) ‘Towards High-Performance and Energy-Efficient Multi-core Processors’, in K. Iniewski (ed.), C''MOS Processors and Memories''. Dordrecht et al.: Springer. <br><br> Žižek, S. (2009) ''First as Tragedy, Then as Farce''. London: Verso.

Joanna at 15:48, 30 September 2011

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Joanna at 09:04, 29 August 2011

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Joanna at 09:02, 29 August 2011

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Pw at 11:05, 26 August 2011

2011-08-26T11:05:05Z

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