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= '''Partial Life and the Semi-Living ''' =
= '''Partial Life and the Semi-Living ''' =


= edited by Oron Catts and Ionat Zurr <br>  =
= edited by Oron Catts and Ionat Zurr <br>  =
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<br> Oron Catts and Ionat Zurr  
<br> Oron Catts and Ionat Zurr  
== [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Partial_life/Introduction '''Introduction''']<br>  ==


<br><br> ''''The Semi-Living' and 'Partial Life'''' '''<br><br>''' This Living Book is partially living – it is about the semi-living and partial lives, about tissues without a body. While the biological body cannot survive without organs and cells, the latter two groups can survive in a technological body, which has been removed and separated from their original biological body. They are living fragments of biological bodies, forms of lab-grown life which have been reconfigured, mixed and remixed, reappropriated, recontextualised and instrumentalised. The semi-living thus require a different epistemological and ontological understanding as well as a different consideration and, by extension, a different taxonomy of life. The liminality of this kind of technological approach to life can lead to a form of fetishism -- ''Neolifism''. The semi-living and partial lives are a new class of objects or beings. In most cases they consist of living and non-living materials; of cells and/or tissues from a complex organism which have been grown over, or into, constructed scaffolds and subsequently kept alive with an artificial support. They are both similar and different from other human artefacts (Homo sapiens’ extended phenotype), such as constructed objects and selectively bred domestic plants and animals (both pets and husbandry). These entities are living biological systems which are artificially designed and which, in their isolation, construction, growth and maintenance, need technological intervention. <br><br> ‘The semi-living’ and ‘partial life’ can be seen as interchangeable terms. There are, however, some nuances between the two. Semi-living entities are usually shaped as forms that are not recognisable as being part of any particular body; partial life can be recognised as parts (such as an ear or tissue) of the whole of a living being. Symbolically, on the continuum of man-made life, semi-living entities are nearer to the constructed side of the scale, while objects of partial life find themselves closer to the grown side of the scale. The ‘population’ of what can be referred to as partial life and semi-living entities has proliferated to reach a vast amount of cells and tissues that are currently living and growing outside of the organisms from which they originated. A rough estimate would put the biomass of the living cells and tissues which are disassociated from the original bodies that once hosted them at millions of tons. In addition, there exist tons of fragments of [http://www.frozenark.org/ bodies (cells, tissues, organs) that are maintained in suspended animation in cryogenic conditions]. All of this biomass requires an intensive technological intervention to prevent transformation to a non-living state. These beings are rarely referred to as subjects; their existence, supported as it is by the techno-scientific project, is indicative of the transformation of life into a raw material that manifests itself in utilitarian and economic value. [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Partial_life/Introduction (more...)]  
[http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Partial_life/IntroductionIntroduction]<br>  
 
<br> <br>The Frozen Ark Project <br>http://www.frozenark.org/


'''<br>''' This Living Book is partially living – it is about the semi-living and partial lives, about tissues without a body. While the biological body cannot survive without organs and cells, the latter two groups can survive in a technological body, which has been removed and separated from their original biological body. They are living fragments of biological bodies, forms of lab-grown life which have been reconfigured, mixed and remixed, reappropriated, recontextualised and instrumentalised. The semi-living thus require a different epistemological and ontological understanding as well as a different consideration and, by extension, a different taxonomy of life. The liminality of this kind of technological approach to life can lead to a form of fetishism -- ''Neolifism''. The semi-living and partial lives are a new class of objects or beings. In most cases they consist of living and non-living materials; of cells and/or tissues from a complex organism which have been grown over, or into, constructed scaffolds and subsequently kept alive with an artificial support. They are both similar and different from other human artefacts (Homo sapiens’ extended phenotype), such as constructed objects and selectively bred domestic plants and animals (both pets and husbandry). These entities are living biological systems which are artificially designed and which, in their isolation, construction, growth and maintenance, need technological intervention. <br><br> ‘The semi-living’ and ‘partial life’ can be seen as interchangeable terms. There are, however, some nuances between the two. Semi-living entities are usually shaped as forms that are not recognisable as being part of any particular body; partial life can be recognised as parts (such as an ear or tissue) of the whole of a living being. Symbolically, on the continuum of man-made life, semi-living entities are nearer to the constructed side of the scale, while objects of partial life find themselves closer to the grown side of the scale. The ‘population’ of what can be referred to as partial life and semi-living entities has proliferated to reach a vast amount of cells and tissues that are currently living and growing outside of the organisms from which they originated. A rough estimate would put the biomass of the living cells and tissues which are disassociated from the original bodies that once hosted them at millions of tons. In addition, there exist tons of fragments of [http://www.frozenark.org/ bodies (cells, tissues, organs) that are maintained in suspended animation in cryogenic conditions]. All of this biomass requires an intensive technological intervention to prevent transformation to a non-living state. These beings are rarely referred to as subjects; their existence, supported as it is by the techno-scientific project, is indicative of the transformation of life into a raw material that manifests itself in utilitarian and economic value. [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Partial_life/Introduction (more...)]
<br><br>
[http://www.frozenark.org/ The Frozen Ark Project]
<br><br>
= The Historical Perspective on the Semi-Living  =
= The Historical Perspective on the Semi-Living  =
 
<br><br>
== Precursors of the Semi-Living ==
== Precursors of the Semi-Living ==
 
<br><br>
Standard of the World Cyphers Incubator Company Buffalo N.Y. U.S.A. Annual Catalogue published 1896<br>http://www.slpowermuseum.com/equipment/cypher/cyphersManual.pdf<br>Poultry growers guide for 1912, published by Buffalo, Cyphers Incubator Co.<br>http://www.archive.org/details/poultrygrowersgu00cyphDr Lawrence M. Gartner and Dr Carol B. Gartner, The Care of Premature Infants: Historical Perspective in Neonatal Intensive Care, NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE - A HISTORY OF EXCELLENCE, A Symposium Commemorating Child Health Day Sponsored by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Originally presented October 7, 1985, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland NIH Publication No. 92-2786, October 1992. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Public Health Service National Institutes of Health. P.4<br>http://www.neonatology.org/classics/nic.nih1985.pdf  
http://www.slpowermuseum.com/equipment/cypher/cyphersManual.pdf Standard of the World Cyphers Incubator Company, Buffalo N.Y., U.S.A. Annual catalogue, published 1896.]
 
<br><br>
[http://www.archive.org/details/poultrygrowersgu00cyph Poultry Growers' Guide for 1912, published by Buffalo, Cyphers Incubator Co.]
<br><br>
Dr Lawrence M. Gartner and Dr Carol B. Gartner<br>
[http://www.neonatology.org/classics/nic.nih1985.pdf The Care of Premature Infants: Historical Perspective]
<br><br>
== The History of Tissue Culture:  ==
== The History of Tissue Culture:  ==
 
<br><br>
On the permanent life of tissues outside of the organism by Alexis Carrel May 1, 1912 // Journal of Experimental Medicine vol. 15 no. 5 516-528 The Rockefeller University Press.<br>http://jem.rupress.org/content/15/5/516.full.pdf  
Alexis Carrel<br>
 
[http://jem.rupress.org/content/15/5/516.full.pdf On the Permanent Life of Tissues Outside of the Organism]
Carrel, A. and Burrow, M. T. (1911) Cultivation of tissues in vitro and its technique. J. Exp. Med. 13:387-396. This article with photos can be downloaded free from the archives at http://www.jem.org.  
<br><br>
 
Alexis Carrel and Montrose T. Burrows<br>
Carrel, A. and Burrow, M. T. (1911) An addition to the technique of the cultivation of tissues in vitro J. Exp. Med.14:244-247. This article with photos can be downloaded free from the archives at http://www.jem.org.  
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2125263/pdf/387.pdf Cultivation of Tissues In Vitro and Its Technique]
 
<br><br>
Carrel, A. (1912) On the permanent life of tissues outside of the organism. J. Exp. Med. 15: 516-528. This article with photos can be downloaded free from the archives at http://www.jem.org.  
Alexis Carrel and Montrose T. Burrows<br>
 
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2124775/pdf/244.pdf An Addition to the Technique of the Cultivation of Tissues In Vitro]
Carrel, A. (1913) Contributions to the study of the mechanism of the growth of connective tissue J. Exp. Med. 18:287-298. This article with photos can be downloaded free from the archives at http://www.jem.org.
<br><br>
 
Alexis Carrel<br>
Witkowski, J. A. (1979) Alexis Carrel and the mysticism of tissue culture. Medical History.;23:279-296. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1082475/pdf/medhist00098-0025.pdf  
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2125069/pdf/287.pdf Contributions to the Study of the Mechanism of the Growth of Connective Tissue]
 
<br><br>
Men, the Unknown by Alexis Carrel, 1935, 1939 by HARPER &amp; BROTHERS<br>http://quantumfieldtheory.org/ALEXIS%20CARREL%20Man%20the%20Unknown%201935.pdf  
J. A. Witkowski<br>
 
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1082475/pdf/medhist00098-0025.pdf Alexis Carrel and the Mysticism of Tissue Culture]
&nbsp;
Alexis Carrel<br>
 
[http://quantumfieldtheory.org/ALEXIS%20CARREL%20Man%20the%20Unknown%201935.pdf ''Men, the Unknown'']
<br><br>
=== Early Tissue Culture in the UK:  ===
=== Early Tissue Culture in the UK:  ===


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&nbsp;  
&nbsp;  


== The Plasticity of Cell Lines ==
== The Plasticity of Cell Lines ==


http://www.atcc.org/ATCCAdvancedCatalogSearch/ProductDetails/tabid/452/Default.aspx?ATCCNum=CCL-2&amp;Template=cellBiology  
http://www.atcc.org/ATCCAdvancedCatalogSearch/ProductDetails/tabid/452/Default.aspx?ATCCNum=CCL-2&amp;Template=cellBiology  
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Brendan P. Lucey, Walter A. Nelson-Rees and Grover M. Hutchins (2009) Henrietta Lacks, HeLa Cells, and Cell Culture Contamination. Archives of Pathology &amp; Laboratory Medicine: September 2009, Vol. 133, No. 9, pp. 1463-1467. http://www.archivesofpathology.org/doi/pdf/10.1043/1543-2165-133.9.1463  
Brendan P. Lucey, Walter A. Nelson-Rees and Grover M. Hutchins (2009) Henrietta Lacks, HeLa Cells, and Cell Culture Contamination. Archives of Pathology &amp; Laboratory Medicine: September 2009, Vol. 133, No. 9, pp. 1463-1467. http://www.archivesofpathology.org/doi/pdf/10.1043/1543-2165-133.9.1463  


== Tissue Engineering ==
== Tissue Engineering ==


Tissue engineering by Langer R, Vacanti JP. In Science. 1993 May 14;260(5110):920-6.  
Tissue engineering by Langer R, Vacanti JP. In Science. 1993 May 14;260(5110):920-6.  
Line 66: Line 73:
<br>  
<br>  


== The Technoscientific Body ==
== The Technoscientific Body ==


A microfabricated array bioreactor for perfused 3D liver culture by Mark J. Powers1,2,†, Karel Domansky1,2, Mohammad R. Kaazempur-Mofrad1,3, Artemis Kalezi2,4, Adam Capitano1,2, Arpita Upadhyaya1,3, Petra Kurzawski1,2, Kathryn E. Wack1,2, Donna Beer Stolz5, Roger Kamm1,3, Linda G. Griffith, in Biotechnology and Bioengineering , volume 78, issue 3, 237-353, 2002<br>http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~mctbl/BiotechBioeng2002_LiverChip.pdf  
A microfabricated array bioreactor for perfused 3D liver culture by Mark J. Powers1,2,†, Karel Domansky1,2, Mohammad R. Kaazempur-Mofrad1,3, Artemis Kalezi2,4, Adam Capitano1,2, Arpita Upadhyaya1,3, Petra Kurzawski1,2, Kathryn E. Wack1,2, Donna Beer Stolz5, Roger Kamm1,3, Linda G. Griffith, in Biotechnology and Bioengineering , volume 78, issue 3, 237-353, 2002<br>http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~mctbl/BiotechBioeng2002_LiverChip.pdf  
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<br>  
<br>  


== Cell Fusion, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells ==
== Cell Fusion, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells ==


Appendage Regeneration in Adult Vertebrates and Implications for Regenerative Medicine, Jeremy P. Brockes* and Anoop Kumar Science 23 December 2005: <br>Vol. 310 no. 5756 pp. 1919-1923 <br>http://www.sciencemag.org/content/310/5756/1919.full<br>http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cell+fusion.  
Appendage Regeneration in Adult Vertebrates and Implications for Regenerative Medicine, Jeremy P. Brockes* and Anoop Kumar Science 23 December 2005: <br>Vol. 310 no. 5756 pp. 1919-1923 <br>http://www.sciencemag.org/content/310/5756/1919.full<br>http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cell+fusion.  
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<br>  
<br>  


== Semi-Living Art ==
== Semi-Living Art ==


Creating the semi-living: on politics, aesthetics and the more-than-human by Deborah P Dixon. Transactions of the Institute of British GeographersVolume 34, Issue 4, <br>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/tran.2009.34.issue-4/issuetoc  
Creating the semi-living: on politics, aesthetics and the more-than-human by Deborah P Dixon. Transactions of the Institute of British GeographersVolume 34, Issue 4, <br>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/tran.2009.34.issue-4/issuetoc  
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<br>  
<br>  


== Neolife ==
== Neolife ==


http://www.tcaproject.org<br>http://www.frozenark.org/ <br><br> [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Partial_life/Attributions Attributions]
http://www.tcaproject.org<br>http://www.frozenark.org/ <br><br> [http://www.livingbooksaboutlife.org/books/Partial_life/Attributions Attributions]

Revision as of 16:42, 4 September 2011

 

PartiallifeCover1.jpg
PartiallifeCover1.jpg

Partial Life and the Semi-Living

edited by Oron Catts and Ionat Zurr



Oron Catts and Ionat Zurr

[1]


This Living Book is partially living – it is about the semi-living and partial lives, about tissues without a body. While the biological body cannot survive without organs and cells, the latter two groups can survive in a technological body, which has been removed and separated from their original biological body. They are living fragments of biological bodies, forms of lab-grown life which have been reconfigured, mixed and remixed, reappropriated, recontextualised and instrumentalised. The semi-living thus require a different epistemological and ontological understanding as well as a different consideration and, by extension, a different taxonomy of life. The liminality of this kind of technological approach to life can lead to a form of fetishism -- Neolifism. The semi-living and partial lives are a new class of objects or beings. In most cases they consist of living and non-living materials; of cells and/or tissues from a complex organism which have been grown over, or into, constructed scaffolds and subsequently kept alive with an artificial support. They are both similar and different from other human artefacts (Homo sapiens’ extended phenotype), such as constructed objects and selectively bred domestic plants and animals (both pets and husbandry). These entities are living biological systems which are artificially designed and which, in their isolation, construction, growth and maintenance, need technological intervention.

‘The semi-living’ and ‘partial life’ can be seen as interchangeable terms. There are, however, some nuances between the two. Semi-living entities are usually shaped as forms that are not recognisable as being part of any particular body; partial life can be recognised as parts (such as an ear or tissue) of the whole of a living being. Symbolically, on the continuum of man-made life, semi-living entities are nearer to the constructed side of the scale, while objects of partial life find themselves closer to the grown side of the scale. The ‘population’ of what can be referred to as partial life and semi-living entities has proliferated to reach a vast amount of cells and tissues that are currently living and growing outside of the organisms from which they originated. A rough estimate would put the biomass of the living cells and tissues which are disassociated from the original bodies that once hosted them at millions of tons. In addition, there exist tons of fragments of bodies (cells, tissues, organs) that are maintained in suspended animation in cryogenic conditions. All of this biomass requires an intensive technological intervention to prevent transformation to a non-living state. These beings are rarely referred to as subjects; their existence, supported as it is by the techno-scientific project, is indicative of the transformation of life into a raw material that manifests itself in utilitarian and economic value. (more...)

The Frozen Ark Project

The Historical Perspective on the Semi-Living



Precursors of the Semi-Living



http://www.slpowermuseum.com/equipment/cypher/cyphersManual.pdf Standard of the World Cyphers Incubator Company, Buffalo N.Y., U.S.A. Annual catalogue, published 1896.]

Poultry Growers' Guide for 1912, published by Buffalo, Cyphers Incubator Co.

Dr Lawrence M. Gartner and Dr Carol B. Gartner
The Care of Premature Infants: Historical Perspective

The History of Tissue Culture:



Alexis Carrel
On the Permanent Life of Tissues Outside of the Organism

Alexis Carrel and Montrose T. Burrows
Cultivation of Tissues In Vitro and Its Technique

Alexis Carrel and Montrose T. Burrows
An Addition to the Technique of the Cultivation of Tissues In Vitro

Alexis Carrel
Contributions to the Study of the Mechanism of the Growth of Connective Tissue

J. A. Witkowski
Alexis Carrel and the Mysticism of Tissue Culture Alexis Carrel
Men, the Unknown

Early Tissue Culture in the UK:

Early Tissue Culture in Britain: the interwar Years, by Duncan Wilson, in Soc Hist Med (August 2005) 18 (2): 225-243. doi: 10.1093/sochis/hki028
http://shm.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/2/225.abstract

 

The Tissue Culture King

The Tissue Culture King by Julian Huxley in Great Science Fictions by Scientists, Groff Conklin Ed., Collier Books NY pp.147-170 1946
http://www.revolutionsf.com/fiction/tissue/index.html

 

The Plasticity of Cell Lines

http://www.atcc.org/ATCCAdvancedCatalogSearch/ProductDetails/tabid/452/Default.aspx?ATCCNum=CCL-2&Template=cellBiology

Cell culture forensics by Stephen J. O'Brien Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
http://www.pnas.org/content/98/14/7656.full.pdf

Brendan P. Lucey, Walter A. Nelson-Rees and Grover M. Hutchins (2009) Henrietta Lacks, HeLa Cells, and Cell Culture Contamination. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine: September 2009, Vol. 133, No. 9, pp. 1463-1467. http://www.archivesofpathology.org/doi/pdf/10.1043/1543-2165-133.9.1463

Tissue Engineering

Tissue engineering by Langer R, Vacanti JP. In Science. 1993 May 14;260(5110):920-6.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8493529


The Technoscientific Body

A microfabricated array bioreactor for perfused 3D liver culture by Mark J. Powers1,2,†, Karel Domansky1,2, Mohammad R. Kaazempur-Mofrad1,3, Artemis Kalezi2,4, Adam Capitano1,2, Arpita Upadhyaya1,3, Petra Kurzawski1,2, Kathryn E. Wack1,2, Donna Beer Stolz5, Roger Kamm1,3, Linda G. Griffith, in Biotechnology and Bioengineering , volume 78, issue 3, 237-353, 2002
http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~mctbl/BiotechBioeng2002_LiverChip.pdf

Self-assembled microdevices driven by muscle, Jianzhong Xi1, Jacob J. Schmidt1 & Carlo D. Montemagno1, in Nature Materials 4, 180 - 184 (2005) http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/v4/n2/full/nmat1308.html


Cell and Organ Printing 2: Fusion of Cell Aggregates in Three-Dimensional Gels:

THOMAS BOLAND,1* VLADIMIR MIRONOV,2 ANNA GUTOWSKA,3 ELISABETH. A. ROTH,1 AND ROGER R. MARKWALD2. The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary BiologyVolume 272A, Issue 2,
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.a.10059/pdf

Possibilities for an in vitro meat production system by Datar, M. Betti Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 11 (2010) 13–22
http://www.new-harvest.org/img/files/datar_and_betti.pdf

P.D. Edelman, D.C. McFarland, V.A. Mironov and J.G. Matheny. Tissue Engineering. May/June 2005, 11(5-6): 659-662. doi:10.1089/ten.2005.11.659. In vitro cultured meat production
http://www.new-harvest.org/img/files/Invitro.pdf


Cell Fusion, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells

Appendage Regeneration in Adult Vertebrates and Implications for Regenerative Medicine, Jeremy P. Brockes* and Anoop Kumar Science 23 December 2005:
Vol. 310 no. 5756 pp. 1919-1923
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/310/5756/1919.full
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cell+fusion.

Soft Substrates Promote Homogeneous Self Renewal of Embryonic Stem Cells via Downregulating Cell-Matrix Tractions by Farhan Chowdhury1, Yanzhen Li2, Yeh-Chuin Poh1, Tamaki Yokohama-Tamaki2, Ning Wang1*, Tetsuya S. Tanaka2,3*
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0015655

Living Differently in Time: Plasticity, Temporality, and Cellular Biotechnologies by Hannah Landecker in Culture Machine, Vol 7 (2005) http://www.culturemachine.net/index.php/cm/article/viewArticle/26/33%3E


Semi-Living Art

Creating the semi-living: on politics, aesthetics and the more-than-human by Deborah P Dixon. Transactions of the Institute of British GeographersVolume 34, Issue 4,
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/tran.2009.34.issue-4/issuetoc

Towards a new class of being –The Extended Body by Oron Catts and Ionat Zurr
http://www.uoc.edu/artnodes/6/dt/eng/catts_zurr.pdf

Big Pigs, Small Wings: On Genohype and Artistic Autonomy by Ionat Zurr and Oron Catts in Culture Machine, Vol 7 (2005)
http://www.culturemachine.net/index.php/cm/article/view/30/37

Aesthetics of Care Ed. Oron Catts ISBN: 1 74052 080 7 http://www.tca.uwa.edu.au/publication/THE_AESTHETICS_OF_CARE.pdf


Neolife

http://www.tcaproject.org
http://www.frozenark.org/

Attributions